These carefully selected online resources provide more information about the roles of race, gender and marital status in wage premiums for mothers and fathers.
Working Fathers in Europe (PDF file)
This report from the Centre for Research on Families and Relationships challenges the modern conception that fathers must make a trade-off between being a strong financial provider and spending time with their children. The report reaches some interesting conclusions: On average, fathers across Europe earn more than non-fathers, but they do not work longer hours. In the couple of years prior to becoming fathers, fathers-to-be are already earning more per hour than other non-fathers. On average, fathers who spend more time with their children also earn more per hour and work fewer hours than those fathers who spend less time with their children.
The Male Marital Wage Premium (PDF file)
University of California sociology professors Trond Peterson, Andrew Penner and Geir Hogsnes studied a selection of male earnings in Norway using data from 1980 to 1997. They found that the men who eventually marry and/or have children go into higher earning occupations even before marriage, suggesting that highly successful men are more likely to get married. They also found that married men have higher promotion rates than non-married men.
An Analysis of the Male Marital Wage Differential in Denmark (PDF file)
The Institute for the Study of Labor in Bonn studied the difference between fatherhood wage premiums in the United States and Denmark. Cultural differences, such as the fact that many more couples in Denmark co-habitat for years before getting married, influenced the data.
The Motherhood Wage Gap for Women in the United States (PDF file)
San Diego State University economics professor Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes and Western Michigan University economics professor Jean Kimmel studied the decline in women with four-year college degrees giving birth before age 30. They found that college-educated mothers earned a wage boost compared to college-educated childless women.
The Economics of Gender and Race (PDF file)
The Feminist Majority Foundation Choices Campus Campaign examined the wage gap for different genders and different races. The study includes a table comparing the 2003 median wage earning across the different demographics.
Dad Is Rewarded - Mom Is Punished
The Kilden Information Centre for Gender Research in Norway study finds that men earn a fatherhood premium while women have a motherhood wage penalty. The study argues that the findings do not necessarily confirm discrimination against women. It examines other reasons to explain the discrepancies.
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